Android Training: Eine einfache Benutzeroberfläche erstellen

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Illustration, wie ViewGroup Objekte Zweige im Layout bilden und View Objekte beinhalten.

In dieser Übung erstellst du ein Layout in XML, welches ein Textfeld und ein Button enthält. In der darauffolgenden Übung wird deine App auf einen Button-Klick reagieren und den Inhalt des Textfeldes an eine andere Aktivität senden.

Die grafische Benutzeroberfläche für eine Android App wird mit Hilfe einer Hierarchie aus View- und ViewGroup-Objekten erstellt. View Objekte sind normalerweise UI-Widgets wie Buttons oder Textfelder. ViewGroup Objekte sind nicht sichtbare View Container, welche definieren, wie die darin befindlichen Ansichten angeordnet sind, bspw. anhand eines Rasters oder einer vertikalen Liste.

Android stellt ein XML-Vokabular bereit, welches den Sub-Klassen von View und ViewGroup entspricht, daher kannst du die UI in XML mit Hilfe einer Hierarchie von UI Elementen definieren.

Layouts sind Subklassen von ViewGroup. In dieser Übung arbeitest du mit LinearLayout.

Ein Lineares Layout erstellen

  1. Öffne in Android Studio die Datei activity_my.xml aus dem Ordner res/layout
    Die BlankActivity Vorlage, die du beim Erstellen des Projektes ausgewählt hast, enthält die Datei activity_my.xml mit einem RelativeLayout Basis-View und beinhaltet eine TextView.
  2. Klicke das Verstecken-Icon im Vorschau-Bereich, um diesen zu verbergen.
  3. In ANdroid Studio siehst du beim Öffnen einer Layout-Datei zuerst den Vorschaubereich. Beim Klicken auf ein Element in dieser Ansicht werden die WYSIWYG Tools im Design-Bereich geöffnet. In dieser Übung wirst du direkt mit dem XML arbeiten.
  4. Lösche das <TextView> Element.
  5. Ändere das <RelativeLayout> zu einem <LinearLayout>.
  6. Füge das android:orientation-Attribut hinzu und setze den Wert auf "horizontal".
  7. Entferne das android:padding- und tools:context-Attribut.

Das Ergebnis sieht wie folgt aus: res/layout/activity_my.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal" >
</LinearLayout>

LinearLayout ist ein ViewGroup (Sub-Klasse von ViewGroup), in welchem untergeordnete Views entweder vertikal oder horizontal angeordnet sind, was durch das Attribut android:orientation spezifiziert wird. Jedes Unterelement eines LinearLayout erscheint auf dem Display in der Reihenfolge, wie es im XML angeordnet ist.

Zwei weitere Attribute, android:layout_width und android:layout_height, sind für alle Views erforderlich, um die Größe fest zu legen.

Weil das LinearLayout die Hauptansicht des Layout ist, sollte des den kompletten, für die App verfügbaren Platz ausfüllen, was durch das Setzen von "match_parent" für die Höhe und Breite erreicht wird. Dieser Wert deklariert, dass die Ansicht ihre Breite oder Höhe entsprechend der Höhe oder Breite der übergeordneten Ansicht expandieren soll.

Für weitere Informationen über die Layout Eigenschaften, siehe den Layout Guide.

Add a Text Field

As with every View object, you must define certain XML attributes to specify the EditText object's properties.

  1. In the activity_my.xml file, within the <LinearLayout> element, define an <EditText> element with the id attribute set to @+id/edit_message.
  2. Define the layout_width and layout_height attributes as wrap_content.
  3. Define a hint attribute as a string object named edit_message.

Das <EditText> Element sollte wie folgt aussehen: res/layout/activity_my.xml

<EditText android:id="@+id/edit_message"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:hint="@string/edit_message" />

Hier sind die <EditText> Attribute, welche du hinzugefügt hast:

android:id

This provides a unique identifier for the view, which you can use to reference the object from your app code, such as to read and manipulate the object (you'll see this in the next lesson). The at sign (@) is required when you're referring to any resource object from XML. It is followed by the resource type (id in this case), a slash, then the resource name (edit_message). The plus sign (+) before the resource type is needed only when you're defining a resource ID for the first time. When you compile the app, the SDK tools use the ID name to create a new resource ID in your project's gen/R.java file that refers to the EditText element. With the resource ID declared once this way, other references to the ID do not need the plus sign. Using the plus sign is necessary only when specifying a new resource ID and not needed for concrete resources such as strings or layouts. See the sidebox for more information about resource objects.

android:layout_width and android:layout_height

Instead of using specific sizes for the width and height, the "wrap_content" value specifies that the view should be only as big as needed to fit the contents of the view. If you were to instead use "match_parent", then the EditText element would fill the screen, because it would match the size of the parent LinearLayout. For more information, see the Layouts guide.

android:hint

This is a default string to display when the text field is empty. Instead of using a hard-coded string as the value, the "@string/edit_message" value refers to a string resource defined in a separate file. Because this refers to a concrete resource (not just an identifier), it does not need the plus sign. However, because you haven't defined the string resource yet, you’ll see a compiler error at first. You'll fix this in the next section by defining the string.

Add String Resources

By default, your Android project includes a string resource file at res/values/strings.xml. Here, you'll add a new string named "edit_message" and set the value to "Enter a message."

  1. In Android Studio, from the res/values directory, open strings.xml.
  2. Add a line for a string named "edit_message" with the value, "Enter a message".
  3. Add a line for a string named "button_send" with the value, "Send".
  4. You'll create the button that uses this string in the next section.
  5. Remove the line for the "hello world" string.

The result for strings.xml looks like this:

res/values/strings.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">My First App</string>
    <string name="edit_message">Enter a message</string>
    <string name="button_send">Send</string>
    <string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
    <string name="title_activity_main">MainActivity</string>
</resources>

For text in the user interface, always specify each string as a resource. String resources allow you to manage all UI text in a single location, which makes the text easier to find and update. Externalizing the strings also allows you to localize your app to different languages by providing alternative definitions for each string resource.

For more information about using string resources to localize your app for other languages, see the Supporting Different Devices class.

Add a Button

  1. In Android Studio, from the res/layout directory, edit the activity_my.xml file.
  2. Within the <LinearLayout> element, define a <Button> element immediately following the <EditText> element.
  3. Set the button's width and height attributes to "wrap_content" so the button is only as big as necessary to fit the button's text label.
  4. Define the button's text label with the android:text attribute; set its value to the button_send string resource you defined in the previous section.

Your <LinearLayout> should look like this:

res/layout/activity_my.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal" >
      <EditText android:id="@+id/edit_message"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:hint="@string/edit_message" />
      <Button
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/button_send" />
</LinearLayout>

Note: This button doesn't need the android:id attribute, because it won't be referenced from the activity code.

The EditText and Button widgets have their widths set to "wrap_content".

The layout is currently designed so that both the EditText and Button widgets are only as big as necessary to fit their content, as shown in the picture.

This works fine for the button, but not as well for the text field, because the user might type something longer. It would be nice to fill the unused screen width with the text field. You can do this inside a LinearLayout with the weight property, which you can specify using the android:layout_weight attribute.

The weight value is a number that specifies the amount of remaining space each view should consume, relative to the amount consumed by sibling views. This works kind of like the amount of ingredients in a drink recipe: "2 parts soda, 1 part syrup" means two-thirds of the drink is soda. For example, if you give one view a weight of 2 and another one a weight of 1, the sum is 3, so the first view fills 2/3 of the remaining space and the second view fills the rest. If you add a third view and give it a weight of 1, then the first view (with weight of 2) now gets 1/2 the remaining space, while the remaining two each get 1/4.

The default weight for all views is 0, so if you specify any weight value greater than 0 to only one view, then that view fills whatever space remains after all views are given the space they require.

Make the Input Box Fill in the Screen Width

To fill the remaining space in your layout with the EditText element, do the following:

  1. In the activity_my.xml file, assign the <EditText> element's layout_weight attribute a value of 1.
  2. Also, assign <EditText> element's layout_width attribute a value of 0dp.
    res/layout/activity_my.xml
    <EditText
        android:layout_weight="1"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        ... />
    

To improve the layout efficiency when you specify the weight, you should change the width of the EditText to be zero (0dp). Setting the width to zero improves layout performance because using "wrap_content" as the width requires the system to calculate a width that is ultimately irrelevant because the weight value requires another width calculation to fill the remaining space.

Here’s how your complete activity_my.xmllayout file should now look: res/layout/activity_my.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal">
    <EditText android:id="@+id/edit_message"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:hint="@string/edit_message" />
    <Button
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/button_send" />
</LinearLayout>

Run Your App

This layout is applied by the default Activity class that the SDK tools generated when you created the project. Run the app to see the results:

  1. In Android Studio, from the toolbar, click Run .
  2. Or from a command line, change directories to the root of your Android project and execute:
    ant debug
    adb install bin/MyFirstApp-debug.apk

Continue to the next lesson to learn how to respond to button presses, read content from the text field, start another activity, and more.